Jared Schutz Polis (/ˈpoʊlɪs/ POH-liss;^[1] né Schutz; born May 12, 1975)^[2] is an American politician and businessman serving since 2019 as the 43rd governor of Colorado. He served one term on the Colorado State Board of Education from 2001 to 2007, and five terms as the United States representative from Colorado’s 2nd congressional district from 2009 to 2019. He was the only Democratic member of the libertarian conservative Liberty Caucus,^[3][4] and was the third-wealthiest member of Congress, with an estimated net worth of $122.6 million.^[5] He was elected governor of Colorado in 2018 and reelected in 2022.

As an openly gay man, Polis has made history several times through his electoral success. In 2008, he became the first openly gay man and second openly LGBT person (after Tammy Baldwin) elected to Congress as a non-incumbent.^[6][7] In 2011, he became the first openly gay parent in Congress.^[8] In 2018, he became the first openly gay man and second openly LGBT person (after Kate Brown) elected governor of a U.S. state.^[9][10] He is also the first Jewish person elected governor of Colorado.^[11] In 2021, he became the first governor in a same-sex marriage.^[12] In 2022, he became the first openly gay man and the first governor in a same-sex marriage elected to a second term in office.^[13]

Polis is the son of Stephen Schutz and Susan Polis Schutz, founders of greeting card and book publisher Blue Mountain Arts.^[14] He was born at Boulder Community Hospital in Boulder, Colorado, in 1975. He lived in San Diego, California, as a high school student and graduated from La Jolla Country Day School in three years with multiple honors. He graduated from Princeton University with a B.A. in politics in 1996, writing a 157-page senior thesis, “Paradigm Shift: Politics in the Information Age”, under the supervision of Carol M. Swain.^[15] While at Princeton, Polis served as communications director of the undergraduate student government and was involved in other campus organizations, such as Model Congress, Phi Gamma Delta, and the Princeton Juggling Club.^[16]

As a college sophomore, Polis purchased stamps from a Legends of the West series at the Princeton post office. The USPS had recently recalled the series due to a printing error in the image of Bill Pickett, making his stamps far more valuable. Polis sold the stamps to a collector for a sum “exceeding $1000”.^[17]

In 2000, he legally changed his surname to his mother’s to raise awareness for a fundraiser and because he simply “liked it better”.^[18]

Polis co-founded American Information Systems (AIS), Inc., while still in college. AIS was an internet access provider and was sold in 1998. In 1996, he co-founded^[18] a free electronic greeting card website, bluemountain.com, which was sold to Excite@Home in 1999 for $430 million in stock and $350 million in cash.^[19][20]

In February 1998, Polis founded ProFlowers, an online florist, in La Jolla, California. In December of that year, economist Arthur Laffer began advising Polis and joined ProFlowers as a director.^[21] ProFlowers, later renamed Provide Commerce, Inc., went public on NASDAQ as PRVD on December 17, 2003. In 2005, Provide Commerce was acquired by media conglomerate Liberty Media Corporation for $477 million.^[22]

Polis and other investors founded TechStars in Boulder, Colorado, in 2006.^[23]

During his tenure in Congress, Polis was among its wealthiest members; his net worth was estimated at more than $300 million.^[24]

Polis has been called one of the “Gang of Four”—four wealthy Coloradans who made a concerted effort to support Democrats in statewide legislative races. The other members are Pat Stryker, Rutt Bridges, and Tim Gill.^[25] The Gang of Four’s influence has been cited as a factor in Colorado’s shift toward the Democratic Party in the 2000s and 2010s.^[26]

In 2000, Polis was elected at-large as a member of the Colorado State Board of Education and served a single six-year term until January 2007, when the district was eliminated.^[27] His election was one of the closest in Colorado history, as he defeated incumbent Ben Alexander by 90 votes out of 1.6 million cast.^[28] During his term, Polis served as both chairman and vice chairman of the board.^[29][30][31]

In 2006, Polis served as co-chair of Coloradans for Clean Government, a committee that supported Amendment 41, a citizen-initiated ballot measure to ban gifts by registered lobbyists to government officials, establish a $50 annual restriction on gift-giving from non-lobbyists, establish a two-year cooling-off period before former state legislators and statewide elected officials can begin lobbying, and create an independent ethics commission. In November 2006, 62.3% of Colorado voters approved the “Ethics in Government” constitutional amendment.^[32]

In 2007, Polis co-chaired the “Building for Our Future” campaign that supported ballot question 3A in the Boulder Valley School District to issue $296.8 million in bonds for the improvement and modernization of aging school facilities—the largest capital construction bond issue in the district’s history and the largest school bond proposal in Colorado that year. In November 2006, 58% of Boulder Valley School District voters approved the measure.^[33]

In 2014, Polis planned to champion two ballot measures to limit fracking in Colorado by banning drilling near schools and homes and empowering communities to pass their own rules. The measures were dropped after he reached a deal with Governor John Hickenlooper to create a task force. The absence of the initiatives was seen as a relief to vulnerable Democrats who would have had to take controversial stances on the issue.^[34]

In 2008, Polis won a heavily contested Democratic primary election for Colorado’s 2nd congressional district, and went on to win the general election on November 4 with 63% of the vote. He succeeded Mark Udall, who was elected to the United States Senate that year.^[35] Polis was reelected to the House in 2010 with 57% of the vote,^[36][37] in 2012 with 56% of the vote,^[38] in 2014 with 57% of the vote,^[39] and in 2016 with 57% of the vote.^[40]

Polis was the Red to Blue program chair for the DCCC during the 2012 elections, helping recruit and raise money for Democratic candidates in competitive congressional districts.^[41] After the elections, he considered running for vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus after then-Chair Xavier Becerra was term-limited.^[42] The position went to Representative Joe Crowley.^[43]

The following is an incomplete list of legislation Polis introduced:

• The Affordable College Textbook Act had been introduced in the 113th and 114th Congresses. Reintroduced by Polis in the 115th Congress, it again died in committee.

In the 114th Congress, Polis served on the following committees:^[44]

• Committee on Education and the Workforce
  • Subcommittee on Higher Education and Workforce Training
  • Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions
• Committee on Natural Resources
  • Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources
  • Subcommittee on Federal Lands
  • Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
• Committee on Rules
  • Subcommittee on Legislative and Budget Process

• Congressional Cannabis Caucus^[45]
• Congressional Progressive Caucus^[46]
• LGBT Equality Caucus (co-chair)
• Congressional Blockchain Caucus (co-chair)
• Mexico Caucus (co-chair)
• Nepal Caucus (co-chair)
• Veterinary Medicine Caucus^[47]
• New Democrat Coalition^[48]
• Congressional Arts Caucus^[49]
• Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus^[50]
• NO PAC Caucus^[51]
• Liberty Caucus^[52]
• U.S.-Japan Caucus^[53]
• Problem Solvers Caucus^[54]

In 2018, Polis announced his candidacy for governor of Colorado.^[55] He was elected governor with 53.4% of the vote, defeating Republican nominee Walker Stapleton and becoming the first openly gay person elected governor of any state;^[56][57] the first openly gay person to serve as a state governor was Jim McGreevey, the 52nd Governor of New Jersey, who disclosed his sexual orientation during his gubernatorial tenure.^[58]

Polis won reelection to a second term, defeating Republican nominee Heidi Ganahl, a member of the University of Colorado Board of Regents.^[59][60]

Polis was elected governor on November 6, 2018. Boldly Forward, a 501(c)4 nonprofit, was formed as the transition team, working with Keystone Center as facilitator. Polis was sworn in on January 8, 2019.^[61] An effort to recall him and other Democratic elected officials failed to submit any signatures; Polis said of the effort, “Recalls should not be used for partisan gamesmanship”.^[62]

Polis has been described as a libertarian. He has spoken in favor of abortion rights, school choice, replacing Colorado’s property tax with a land value tax,^[63] and eliminating Colorado’s income tax. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado, he was skeptical of enforcing the state’s mask mandates for long periods of time, saying he personally wore masks but did not want “to force it on people”. In 2022, the libertarian magazine Reason suggested he was “the most libertarian governor in America”.^[64][65][66] He was the first member of Congress to accept Bitcoin donations.^[67]

In September 2015, Polis voiced support for altering university disciplinary processes surrounding campus rape to allow for cases to be judged against a reasonable likelihood standard, saying that: “If there are 10 people who have been accused, and under a reasonable likelihood standard maybe one or two did it, it seems better to get rid of all 10 people … we’re not talking about depriving them of life or liberty, we’re talking about them being transferred to another university, for crying out loud.”^[68] After being criticized^[69] for these remarks, Polis apologized, saying that: “I went too far by implying that I support expelling innocent students from college campuses, which is something neither I nor other advocates of justice for survivors of sexual assault support”.^[70]

In the House, Polis was an advocate for civil liberties, saying while campaigning in 2008 that “balance must be restored between the executive and the judicial branch (through restoring habeas corpus, and clarifying that the president does not have the Constitutional authority to alter legislation through signing statements) and between the executive and the legislative branch (clarifying that the Fourth Amendment requires probable cause and a warrant for the government to monitor Americans)”.^[71]

Polis supports the legalization of cannabis, saying in 2011, “Just as the policy of prohibition failed nationally with alcohol—it’s now up to states and counties—I think we should do the same with marijuana.”^[72] Legislation he has introduced includes the Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act in 2013,^[73] the Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Act in 2015,^[74] and the McClintock–Polis amendment in 2015 (to prevent federal interference in states that have legalized medical or recreational use; it failed 206–222).^[75] He was also an original cosponsor of the Marijuana Justice Act that was first introduced in the House in 2018.^[76] In February 2017, Polis launched the Congressional Cannabis Caucus along with Representatives Don Young, Earl Blumenauer, and Dana Rohrabacher.^[45] In 2021, he pardoned 1,351 Coloradans convicted of marijuana possession.^[77]

Polis supports an open and free internet, and has been critical of SOPA, PIPA and CISPA, saying in an interview with Forbes, “I oppose piracy and want to see intellectual property protected because that is what fosters and rewards innovation. But SOPA won’t accomplish a meaningful reduction in piracy and causes massive collateral damage to the Internet ecosystem.”^[78] While debating SOPA on the House floor Polis said that SOPA and PIPA “directly threaten the very internet that has brought humanity great prosperity and greater peace” and “Allowing the military and NSA to spy on Americans on American soil goes against every principle this country was founded on.”^[79][80] Polis and 167 other House members voted against CISPA.^[81]

Polis and Representatives Zoe Lofgren and Darrell Issa sponsored Aaron’s Law^[82] in the wake of the suicide of computer programmer and internet activist Aaron Swartz, the co-founder of Reddit, who was facing computer and wire fraud charges, more than 30 years in prison and fines of over $1 million for violating the terms of service for illegally downloading academic journal articles from the digital library JSTOR.^[83] The proposed bill would exclude terms of service violations from the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and from the wire fraud statute.^[84][85] Polis said that the charges brought by US Attorney Carmen Ortiz were “ridiculous and trumped-up” and that “It’s absurd that he was made a scapegoat. I would hope that this doesn’t happen to anyone else.”^[86]

Polis voted against the 2012 National Defense Authorization Act, and opposes Section 1021, which drew controversy about implications to detention policy.^[87] After the law was signed, Polis and other House members introduced legislation to repeal the indefinite detention provision. Though legislation has failed to pass the House, Section 1021 is now pending in the courts.^[88]

Polis has been a vocal opponent of the PATRIOT ACT. In a letter to House Speaker John Boehner, he wrote that the Act “is a bill that has been plagued with abuse since it was first passed, and today’s rule is yet another example of short-circuiting the system that our Founding Fathers set up. If there were ever the need for the close supervision and congressional oversight of a law, it is a law that discusses how and under what conditions a government can spy on its own citizens.”^[89] In February 2011, Polis voted against H.R. 514, extending expiring provisions of the Patriot Act, authorizing court-approved roving wiretaps that permit surveillance on multiple phones, allowing court-approved seizure of records and property in anti-terrorism operations, and permitting surveillance against a so-called lone wolf, a non-US citizen engaged in terrorism who may not be part of a recognized terrorist group.^[90][91]

In May 2014, Polis became the first U.S. representative to accept campaign donations via Bitcoin.^[92] In February 2022, Polis announced that Colorado would become the first state to allow its residents to pay state taxes with Bitcoin.^[93]

In 2011, Polis and Senator Joe Lieberman introduced the 2011 Race to the Top Act (H.R. 1532). The legislation authorized old provisions and some new ones, including new standards to encourage and reward states based on their implementation of comprehensive educational reforms that innovate through 4-year competitive grants that allow more funding to expand charter schools and compensate teachers in part based on their students’ performance.^[94][95][96]

Polis has sponsored other education bills and legislation regarding students, including:

• The SLICE (School Lunch Improvements for Children’s Education) Act, in response to Congress redefining pizza as a vegetable.^[97] The SLICE Act would require healthier meals for students, which would, for example, allow the USDA to accurately count 1/8 of a cup of tomato paste as 1/8 of a cup, instead of half of a cup, which is what qualifies pizza as a vegetable; allow the USDA to implement science-based sodium reduction targets; and allow the USDA to set a whole grain requirement.^[98] The SLICE Act is opposed by The American Frozen Food Institute, which claims that it “all but removes foods made with tomato paste from school cafeterias, in spite of the significant nutritional value offered by tomato paste.”^[99] Polis has said, “Pizza has a place in school meals, but equating it with broccoli, carrots and celery seriously undermines this nation’s efforts to support children’s health.” He added that agribusiness should never dictate the quality of school meals.^[100]
• The Defending Special Education Students and Families Act, which fully funds the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention for special education.^[101] In the original bill, IDEA promised to pay 40% of the excess cost of educating students with disabilities, but that funding provision hasn’t been fulfilled and only covers 16% of special-education funding and has never funded more than 30%.^[102] Polis’s bill suggests cutting excess and wasteful Pentagon spending by cutting $18.8 billion in weapons systems over five years.^[103]

Polis has also introduced the Computer Science Education Act, which helps provide job training for computing jobs, and the ACE Act, which would provide funding to improve outcomes for students in persistently low-performing schools, and to authorize school “turnaround grants.”^[104][105]

In 2014, Polis sponsored two ballot measures targeting hydraulic fracturing, Initiatives 88 and 89. He sought to move fracking from 500 feet (150 m) from people’s homes to 2,000 feet (610 m) to improve homeowners’ quality of life in affected areas.^[106] On August 4, 2014, Polis announced that he would withdraw his support for the two ballot measures.^[107]

Polis has shown interest in the regulation of kombucha.^{[108][109][110]} He co-sponsored a bill that would have legalized the interstate shipment of raw milk.^[111]

Polis has called himself “pro-choice” on the issue of vaccines.^[112] In 2019, he opposed a major provision in House Bill 1312 that made it harder for parents to seek non-medical vaccine exemption for their children.^[113] He has supported Donald Trump’s decision to nominate Robert F. Kennedy Jr. as the secretary of Health and Human Services.^[114]

Polis supported removing all troops from Afghanistan.^[115] In 2010, he supported a failed resolution to withdraw all troops from Afghanistan within 30 days, saying, “I don’t believe that this ongoing occupation is in our national interest” and “I supported the initial action to oust the Taliban in Afghanistan, and that succeeded. The challenge we face now is a stateless menace.”^[116]

Polis also took a congressional delegation trip to Afghanistan, meeting with former Afghan Interior Minister Mohammad Hanif Atmar, U.S. military officials and diplomats. During his meeting with Atmar, Polis focused on the education gap between Afghanistan and Western nations, the low literacy rate for Afghan police and military officials, and combating political corruption.^[117]

Polis voted for the 2010 Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act expanding economic sanctions against Iran under the Iran and Libya Sanctions Act, and co-sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act of 2009, authorizing state and local governments to direct divestiture from, and prevent investment in, companies with investments of $20,000,000 or more in Iran’s energy sector.^[118][119]

Polis opposed the Iraq War, saying, “The invasion of Iraq was a colossal mistake and I opposed the war from the very beginning. Bush’s blunders, and the Democrats who gave him cover along the way, have left us without easy solutions for improving the situation.”^[120]

As a member of Congress, Polis and then-Representatives Barney Frank and Tammy Baldwin called on the U.S. embassy in Iraq and then-United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to prioritize investigating the allegations of rape, torture and executions of LGBT Iraqis, saying, “Such disturbing violations of human rights should not be ignored and the United States should not stand idly by while billions of taxpayer dollars are used to support their government.”

Polis and 35 other House members also called on the State Department to address violence against Honduras’s LGBT community.^[121]

On May 29, 2019, Polis signed House Bill 1124, immediately prohibiting law enforcement officials in Colorado from holding undocumented immigrants solely on the basis of a request from U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.^[122]

Polis is one of several U.S. governors who have been relocating migrants via publicly sponsored buses to other U.S. cities, including New York City and Chicago. On January 7, 2023, he said he would no longer send migrants to Chicago.^[123]

At the time of his departure from Congress, Polis was one of seven openly gay members of the 113th Congress, and caucused in the LGBT Equality Caucus. He pushed for the repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act, and praised the Obama Administration‘s decision for the Justice Department to no longer defend DOMA, saying, “Section 3 of the law is unconstitutional.”^[124] In a statement Polis said, “I applaud the Administration for finally recognizing what my colleagues and I have long criticized, to deny people the ability to officially acknowledge their relationship and feel welcomed as partners only for being LGBT is absurd and today’s decision confirms this”.^[125] Polis also credited Obama for openly endorsing gay marriage, calling it “welcome news to American families.”^[126]

Polis was an original cosponsor of H.R. 116, the Respect for Marriage Act. H.R. 116 repeals DOMA, allowing marriage recognition for gay and lesbian couples in the US, the District of Columbia, and US territories.^[127]

Polis was also the leading sponsor of the Student Non-Discrimination Act with Senator Al Franken, who introduced the act in the Senate. SNDA would establish a comprehensive federal non-discrimination prohibition in all public and elementary and secondary schools based on sexual orientation and gender identity, expanding Title IX of the Education Amendments Act to LGBT students.^[128] In a statement, Polis said “education is the right of every student” regardless of their actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity. “The alarming increase in teen suicides has shown us just how far we are from making our children’s schools safe spaces.”^[129] The SNDA has 167 co-sponsors in the House, with only two Republicans signing on.^[130] SNDA is also supported by the ACLU and Change.org.^[131]

Polis voted for the repeal of Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, which prohibited openly gay and lesbian members of the military from serving.^[132] In a letter to Obama, Polis and 67 other House members urged for the repeal of Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell. The letter cited a California district judge’s ruling that DADT was unconstitutional and that the 14,000 service members who had been discharged from the military since its passage had been discharged unjustly.^[133]

Polis was also a supporter and cosponsor of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, giving adequate funding and ability to federal authorities to investigate hate crimes, and advocated for protections for LGBT victims of domestic violence to be included in the Violence Against Women Act.^[134][135]

In September 2014, Polis filed a discharge petition to bring the LGBT Employment Non-Discrimination Act to the floor of the House of Representatives for a proper vote. Representatives Garamenedi, Holt, and Connolly joined Polis in support in filing the petition. The revised legislation includes narrow religious exemptions.^[136]

Polis urged Obama to reconsider the inclusion of Malaysia and Brunei in a Trans-Pacific Partnership because of their negative record on LGBT rights.^[137]

In June 2019, Polis signed a bill banning conversion therapy for minors.^[138]

In February 2022, Polis denounced the anti-trans legislation being passed in Republican-controlled states around the country, calling it “un-American”.^[139]

In April 2022, Polis said he opposed the repeal of the Reedy Creek Improvement Act and said he would welcome Disney if they left Florida and moved to Colorado.^[140]

On April 14, 2023, Polis signed into law three health care bills enshrining access to abortion and gender-affirming procedures and medications in Colorado. The bills ensure people in surrounding states and beyond can go to Colorado to have an abortion, begin puberty blockers, or receive gender-affirming surgery without fear of prosecution.^[141]

On April 29, 2024, Polis signed a law requiring public schools to use trans students’ preferred names.^[142][143]

Polis was the first non-incumbent openly gay man elected to Congress,^[6][7] and the first openly gay parent in Congress.^{[145][146][147]} He is also the nation’s second openly gay parent to hold state-level government office.^{[148][149][150]} Polis and his husband, Marlon Reis, have a son and a daughter, born in 2011 and 2014, respectively.^{[151][152][153]} Polis is Jewish.^[154]

In June 2019, to mark the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots, an event widely considered a watershed moment in the modern LGBTQ rights movement, Queerty named Polis one of the Pride50 “trailblazing individuals who actively ensure society remains moving towards equality, acceptance and dignity for all queer people”.^[155]

Polis enjoys video games such as League of Legends. His favorite champions include Maokai and Anivia.^[156] He is also an avid Colorado Rockies and Denver Broncos fan.^[157][158]

Polis has declared his love of Taylor Swift‘s music and has regularly made reference to this in public communications. Before Swift’s Eras Tour arrived in Denver in July 2023, Polis posted a letter on his Instagram account with dozens of her song lyrics.^[159] In a March 2024 event on the Denver Capitol steps addressing education funding, he spoke under a friendship bracelet-themed banner with the words “fully funded era” that many speculated was a reference to the Eras Tour.^[160] In his speech at the Democratic National Convention on August 21, 2024, he used lyrics from Swift’s song “We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together”.^[161]

In July 2020, Polis donated $1,000 to Representative Ilhan Omar‘s primary opponent in her 2020 reelection campaign.^[162]

In September 2021, Polis married his longtime partner, Marlon Reis, in a small Jewish Renewal ceremony with family and a few friends^[144] at a synagogue in Boulder.^[163]

• Congressional Progressive Caucus
• Libertarian Democrat
• List of Jewish members of the United States Congress
• List of LGBT members of the United States Congress
• List of openly LGBT heads of government
• List of the first LGBT holders of political offices in the United States

• Governor Jared Polis official government website
• Jared Polis for Colorado campaign website
• Appearances on C-SPAN

• Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
• Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress
• Profile at Vote Smart